Midterm
Review 9R / 9AR : To review for your midterm exam answer each question or define
each term
geography:
man's adaption to all sorts of conditions both natural and manmade
history:
the study of man's written past
economics:
The study of all the factors the go into making money
political
science: the study of how man sets up and runs government
climatology:
study of the conditions of the air in a given place over a long period of time
meteorology:
The study of the conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time
(weather)
astronomy:
the study of the stars and other celestial bodies
cartography:
the art of making maps
outward
mobility: When one culture comes in contact with other cultures through war,
trade, missionary activity, etc.
types
of maps available: political ( shows boundaries), economic ( shows what is
produced), social ( population, religions, languages etc.)
tribe:
a group of people with a common ancestor, customs and traditions
extended
family: more than one generation living under the same roof
nuclear
family: mom, dad and the kids
social,
economic and political institutions: a group of people working for a common,
agreed upon goal, bank=economic, school = social, political party = political
globe;
the most accurate representation of the earth
geographic
isolation: when a culture is cut off from other cultures by natural barriers,
little or no cultural diffusion takes place and the culture within develops
slowly and uniquely
weather:
conditions of the air or atmosphere in a given place over a short period of time
climate:
conditions of the air or atmosphere in a given place over a long period of time
climates
and their sub-types: TROPICAL = rain forest, savanna, steppe, desert
MIDDLE
(temperate) = Med., Humid subtropical, desert, steppe, continental, marine Polar
(high latitude) tundra, taiga
definitions
of the 4 major land forms: A landform is a distinctive feature of the earth's
surface in a given place, Mountains - high relief, plains - level relief ( most
economical type of land), hills - rolling relief, Plateau - steep relief at
least on one side ( escarpment)
What
was the earliest form of writing?: picture representations of objects
Neolithic
Revolution and its impact on man: When man changed from a nomadic,
hunter-gatherer to a settled lifestyle = result steady food supply and an
increase in population
Why
people settled along the Nile, Indus and other rivers: the climatic and
geographic features made a settled lifestyle possible ( water & fertile
land)
Archaeologists
and what they study: they study the material remains ( things you can touch) of
past cultures
specialization
of labor: as a society becomes larger people become experts at one thing and
then use this skill to support themselves
domestication:
taming of plants and animals for human use
Paleolithic
Period: the Old Stone Age, marked by the use of stone tools
Cultural
diffusion: the spreading outward of ideas from one culture to another through
trade, war, missionary activity. One
of the first things to diffuse is religion
Land
bridges, what they were ,when they occurred: They were pieces of land that
connected the continents during the Ice Age.
They are believed to be ways humans migrated from one continent to
another. ex. across the Bering Straits, Indonesia to mainland Asia, Korea to
Japan
culture:
the shared beliefs, customs and traditions of a given people
prehistory:
the time before written history
Results
of a steady food supply: stable culture and increased populations
anthropologists,
what they study: they study man, usually primitive man in groups.
They would be interested in such things as religion, family structure,
etc..
Who
made up the ruling classes in ancient cities: kings, priests, government
officials, warriors
hieroglyphics:
a form of picture writing used by the ancient Egyptians
cuneiform:
a wedged-shaped writing used in ancient Mesopotamia
hierarchy:
the ranking of people into social classes, each one more powerful than the one
below it
vizier:
advisor to the sultan in ancient Baghdad
What
impacts did the Nile have on early Egyptian society? It provided them with
predictable flooding, a source of water for irrigation and a geographic push for
a unified country
role
of the pyramids in Egyptian society: there were burial sites for their god-kings
Role
of the pharaoh: he was both a god ( religious leader) and the political leader
in ancient Egypt
How
were ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia different? Egypt developed a unified country
along the Nile; the Tigris - Euphrates civilization developed into a series of
separate city-states
Why
did city states emerge along the Tigris - Euphrates Rivers? :These early forms
of government developed so that people would work together to accomplish things
no one could do alone, like irrigation projects
Where
is the Fertile Crescent located? around modern day : Israel,
Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Syria, and Iraq
Why
are cities like UR important? :They were the first cities
Hammurabi's
code: "an eye for an eye" , punishment was to fit the specific crime.
Rivers
of the subcontinent: Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra
What
are some of the outstanding characteristics of the cities of the Indus Valley?
All these cities were well planned, they had streets that ran at right angles
and even sewer systems
Major
land forms of the Indian subcontinent: Himalayas to the north separate India
from Asia, the Deccan Plateau makes up the interior of India, most of the
population lives in the Indus - Ganges Valley ( breadbasket area)
Was
there any trade outside of the Harappan civilization? Harappan seals have been
found in Mesopotamia, this indicated trade between the 2 cultures.
location
of Harappa: was found in the Indus Valley, in what is modern day Pakistan
Role
of the monsoon in Indian civilization: Monsoon is a seasonal wind in India that
is the basis for their agriculture
Feudalism
under the Shangs characteristics: Feudalism is a social, political, and economic
system based on land and protection from the upper classes and service from the
lower classes
Silk
Road importance and what was it: Carried goods and ideas between China and the
Middle East, it was a main trade link and a cause of cultural diffusion
Legendary
founder of the Xia dynasty: Yu the engineer, by legend founded this dynasty,
China's first and tamed the Yellow River ( Huang He)
Rivers
of China their locations and names: North = Huang He ( China's Sorrow, Yellow),
Center = Yangze, South = Xi; Most
of China's population lives along these rivers
Where
is the best agricultural area of China?: the best agricultural land in China is
in the east along the main rivers and the long coastline; site of China's
earliest civilization
Mandate
of Heaven: Chinese political belief that a ruler receives his right to rule from
heaven; When he no longer treats his people fairly then the Mandate is removed
and so is the ruler
What
the Phoenicians created: an improved alphabet, we get the term phonetic
from this. They are also
known for their extensive trade on the Med. Sea = "Carriers of
culture"
Barter
system: the exchange of goods for goods, when it is replaced by coins it is
called a monetary system
Passover:
Jewish festival celebrating the escape of the Jews from Egypt, called an exodus
Diaspora:
the scattering of the Jews outside their homeland
Nineveh:
an ancient city that was the capital of the Assyrians, located on the northern
part of the Tigris River
monotheism:
belief in one god, found in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam
polytheism:
belief in more than one god found in animism, Shintoism, Buddhism, Hinduism
5
Pillars of Islam: 1. statement of faith ( there is one god and his name is
Allah; Muhammad is his prophet 2. Zakat ( giving alms to the poor),3. a
pilgrimage to Makkah once in their lifetime 4. the Fast of Ramadan 5. praying 5
time a day facing Makkah
migration
to Yathrib: When Muhammad fled from Medina to Makkah in 630AD, he changed the
name of the city from Yathrib to Makkah
570AD:
Muhammad was born
732AD:
the Battle of Tours in France. The French led by Charles Martel stopped the
spread of Islam into Europe by stopping the Islamic armies
birthplace
of Muhammad: He was born in Makkah (Mecca)
bedouins:
are the nomadic tribes that developed in the Saudi Arabian Peninsula desert
areas
Quran:
the holy scripture of the Muslims, the word of God as revealed to Muhammad, the
word means to recite
Matrilineal;
When a family's heritage is traced only on the mother's side ex. tribes in
Africa, Native American tribes
patrilineal:
When a family's heritage is traced only on the male side
oral
traditions: are tales, legends, songs etc. that tell the history of a people or
culture ( things that are said only)
Bantu
migrations: When arable land became scarce and the people lacked food they
spread over the continent of Africa. They left Nok ( 700 to 200BC) They became
the dominant group of Africa South of the Sahara; they share a common language
Height
of the Songhai Empire, when ,ruler: was under Askia Muhammad ( AD 1493 - 1538)
He set up provinces to rule the area, based laws on the Quran and had an army
& navy
savanna:
grassland in Africa it is the climate type of 40% of the continent; an area of
grass, few trees or bushes and 2 seasons : one wet and one dry
Reason
that Ghana was a trade based Empire: because of its location between the Saharan
salt mines and tropical gold mines
Timbuktu:
The capital of Mansa Musa's Ghanaian empire, center for Muslim art &
culture, center for learning ( AD 1312 - 1332)
Great
Zimbabwe: Means "Stone House", civilization that developed near the
Zambezi River in southeastern Africa (AD 1000 to 1500)
Aryans:
the fair-skinned invaders that entered the subcontinent from central Asia, began
the caste system, and Sanskrit
Vedas:
The earliest written records of the Aryan civilization in the subcontinent
Varna:
the term for the classes within the caste system
Ranking
in the caste system: Brahman ( teacher) , Kashatriya ( warrior),Sudra ( servant)
Buddha:
founder of Buddhism, real name Siddhartha Guatama
Rock
Edicts: edicts or laws written by Asoka and placed around his kingdom in India
for all to follow
Religions
in India today: Most people are Hindu but there are also Christians, Muslims
live in Pakistan and Bangladesh
4
Noble Truths: Buddha's teachings and the main ideas of Buddhism. 1. Life is full
of sorrow, 2.greed causes pain & suffering, 3. there is a way to end this
sorrow, 4. the way to end sorrow is the Eightfold Path
Sanskrit:
Ancient language of the subcontinent, the Vedas were written in Sanskrit
Golden
Age of India: was during the Gupta Dynasty when the arts & sciences
flourished
Daoism
beliefs: belief in following nature's way only natural things are important
Balancing
their yin and their yang, behavior in this world important
Confucian
beliefs: based on the 5 Relationships, and living in harmony , social structure
an obedience to superiors was very important. behavior in this world important
Confucian
5 relationships: 1. man to Feudal Lord, 2. husband to wife. 3. son to father, 4.
younger brother to older brother, 5. friend to friend
Impact
of the Seljuk Turks: when they took the Holy Land or Palestine it caused the
Crusades (AD1090)
Impact
of Genghis Khan on Mongol society: He brought law, built a strong military &
united the Mongol clans
nomadic
lifestyle cause: usually a harsh environment that will not support settled
agriculture
Laozi:
founder of Daoism
animism:
a tribal belief that everything has a spirit
Shintoism:
an animistic religion found in Japan
How
religion culturally diffused to China: early through the traders along the Silk
Road. They brought Buddhism, Islam
& Christianity
Yuan
Dynasty: the Chinese Dynasty founded by Kublai Khan the Mongol,
grandson of Genghis Khan
mandarins:
The educated class in China that were the government officials. They were
experts on Confucianism and the 5 Classics
meritocracy
in China: China developed a civil service exam based on Confucianism.
This was so that the most qualified people would hold government offices
Silla
kingdom: Found in Korea, this dynasty united Korea after the Three Kingdoms
period ended in 668AD
the
sea and Japanese culture: The sea gave Japan fish, a transportation route and
created geographic isolation for the islands
How
early people reached North America: first it was thought they crossed the land
bridge between Asia and Alaska, new evidence suggests that they came by boat by
bumping their way along the coasts of Asia and then Alaska
diet
of early Native Americans: was varied because their environment and natural
resources were varied from location to location
Chinampas:
were floating farmlands created by placing mud from the bottom of the lake on
barges and then growing crops on it. This
was a way to make up for the lack of available farmland
organization
of the Aztec society: this society was organized as a hierarchy
Inca
Empire - location, structure: was located in what is now Peru, parts of Chile,
Ecuador, Bolivia and Argentina. The
society was based on obedience and the common people could not think for
themselves, hence the Spanish conquered them easily
mound
builders: were located in the Mississippi Valley, they were a Native American
group known for their large earthen mounds, some are still visible in Illinois
today
Mesoamerican:
the term applied to the area between North & South America
Mayan
pyramids: were step pyramids with a flat top with an alter, they were religious
centers used for ceremonies
potlatch:
a Native American festival at which goods were traded and gifts given
weir:
a Native American fish trap
Iroquois
League: a confederation of Native American tribes in the Northeast
Imperialism
its cause and its decline: Nationalism pushes the development of Imperialism,
but when the colonies conquered develop their own nationalism then imperialism
declines because of revolution
What
increases feelings of nationalism? The identification of common enemies
Why
are there many reasons behind human behavior?: Cultures develop their distinct
styles based on geographic differences and heredity
What
would help speed up the economic development in an area?: the fastest way to
speed up economic development is to educate the people of an area.
IMR:
the number of babies that will die before their first birthday, indicates the
level of medical services available in an area
PCI:
the average income of an individual in a given country in one year
GNP:
All of the goods and services produced in an country in one year
geographic
grid: line of latitude and longitude that allow you to locate anywhere on earth
ethnocentric:
the belief your culture is superior and all others and inferior
Role
of the Nile in the development of civilization in ancient Egypt: Its seasonal
flooding allowed the Egyptian civilization to develop a stable food supply and
an unified nation very early
Role
of the civil service in ancient China: It was based on Confucian teachings and
allow China to have an educated group of government officials at a very early
point in time
Influence
of Islam on the Mali Empire in Africa: Islam spread to the Mali Empire through
Muslim traders, it became the dominant religion and even their laws became based
on the Quran